Author: test

How ​​Artificial Intelligence is Revolutionizing the Art World: Unlocking New Possibilities for NFT Artists

The art world has witnessed a significant shift in recent years, with the rise of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the emergence of digital art. Traditional artists have long struggled to compete with the ease and accessibility offered by these new technologies. However, AI is increasingly playing a key role in revolutionizing the art industry, providing new opportunities for NFT artists to express themselves and connect with their audiences.

The Rise of Digital Art

Digital art has been around since the 1960s, but its popularity has experienced a resurgence in recent years, fueled by advances in technology. The advent of 3D printing, virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) have allowed artists to create complex and immersive digital artworks that were previously unimaginable.

NFTs, which represent unique digital assets such as art, music, or collectibles, have become the new frontier for digital artists. These NFTs can be traded on online marketplaces, similar to traditional physical artworks, providing artists with a new way to monetize their work.

Artistic Creation

Artistic algorithms are used to generate unique and original artwork, which is then sold or traded as an NFT. This process involves complex machine learning models that can recognize patterns in data, such as images, text, or music. The algorithms can then create new artworks by combining those patterns in innovative ways.

For example, AI-powered art software can take a photo of a user’s face and generate a unique digital portrait. The algorithm analyzes the image, identifying features such as skin tone, facial expression, and eye shape. It then uses that information to create a 3D model of the face, which can be used as an NFT.

Benefits for NFT Artists

Using AI in art creation offers several benefits for NFT artists:

• Increased Creativity: AI algorithms allow artists to explore new ideas and styles without the limitations of human creativity.

• Improved Efficiency: AI-powered art software can automate many aspects of the creative process, saving artists time and effort.

• New Revenue Streams: Selling or trading AI-generated NFTs creates a new market for digital art, providing opportunities for artists to earn income from their work.

Challenges and Opportunities

While AI is revolutionizing the art industry, there are also challenges that NFT artists must address:

• Copyright and Ownership: As AI-generated content becomes more widespread, questions about copyright and ownership rights arise.

• Authenticity: To ensure that AI-generated NFTs are authentic and trustworthy, new standards and regulations will be needed.

• Digital Scarcity: The growing demand for digital art may lead to concerns about digital scarcity and the value of NFTs.

Despite these challenges, the opportunities for NFT artists to innovate and create new business models have never been greater:

• New Markets

  : AI-powered art software can open up new markets for digital artists, providing a way to monetize their work in ways that were previously unimaginable.

• Collaborations: The rise of AI-generated NFTs has also enabled new collaborations between humans and machines, creating new creative combinations.

• Increased Accessibility: AI-powered art tools make it easier for non-artists to create digital art, expanding the reach of NFT artists.

Conclusion

The integration of artificial intelligence into the art world has opened up new opportunities for NFT artists to express themselves and connect with their audiences. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect even more innovative applications of artificial intelligence in the creation of art.

Starting and Stopping a WebSocket Connection from a GUI Application Using Binance Websocket

As a developer, you may have encountered situations where you needed to control the flow of an application within a user interface (GUI) application. In this article, we will explore how to build a simple GUI-based system that starts and stops a WebSocket connection using the Binance WebSocket library.

Required Prerequisites

• Install Node.js on your computer (“node.js.org”).

• Make sure you have the existing Binance WebSocket library installed (npm install binance-websocket).

• Create a new GUI application (e.g. using Electron or a framework like React, Angular, etc.).

• Set up a WebSocket connection using the Binance API.

Code example

// Import the required libraries
const { Websocket } = require('binance-websocket');
const { CreateInterface } = require('readline');
// Initiate a WebSocket connection
const websocket = new Websocket({
Host: 'your-binance-exchange.com',
Port: 3000,
});
// Set up the GUI event loop
const gui = create interface({
Input: process.stdin,
Output: process.stdout,
});
// Function to start/stop WebSocket connection
Function handleStart() {
websocket.on('connect', () => {
console.log('WebSocket connection established. Starting...');
// Start a new task when user presses Enter
gui.once('line', line => {
if (string === 'START') {
websocket.send({ command: 'start' });
setTimeout(() => {
console.log('WebSocket connection is stopping...');
websocket.close();
}, 5000);
}
});
// Start a new task when user presses Ctrl+C
process.on('SIGINT', () => {
gui.kill();
});
});
}
// Function to start/stop a WebSocket connection from the command line
Function handleStartCommand() {
const readline = required('readline');
const rl = readline.createInterface({
Input: process.stdin,
Output: process.stdout,
});
rl.question('Start (type "STOP" to stop)', answer => {
if (answer.toLowerCase() === 'start') {
websocket.send({ command: 'start' });
setTimeout(() => {
console.log('Stopping WebSocket connection...');
websocket.close();
execute a stop command();
}, 5000);
} else if (answer.toLowerCase() === 'stop') {
execute a stop command();
} more {
console.error('Invalid input. Exiting...');
: handleStartCommand();
}
});
}
// Function to stop WebSocket connection
Function handleStopCommand() {
websocket.send({ command: 'close' });
}
// Main program loop
while (true) {
StartHandle();
}

How ​​it works

• The handleStart function sets up a WebSocket event listener for the connection event.

• When the user presses Enter, a WebSocket connection is established and when the user presses Ctrl+C, a new task is started.

• Using Readline.js, a simple text interface is created where users can type “START” to start a WebSocket connection or “STOP” to stop it.

Tips and Options

• To make the GUI more interactive, you can add buttons to start/stop the WebSocket connection.

• For a native desktop application, you can use an advanced GUI library like Electron or React.

• If you prefer a command line interface, modify the handleStartCommand function to accept user input via the console.

• To store data between sessions, consider using a database or file storage.

ETHEREUM PUBLIC FROM ADDRESS

Using Testnet4 with Bitcoin Core: A Guide

As of June 2024, testnet3 has been severely compromised by a block storm, making it an unreliable and unusable development environment for testing Bitcoin Core. Fortunately, we can now switch to Testnet4, a more stable option that allows you to continue developing and testing your Bitcoin Core code.

Why Testnet4?

Testnet4 is the next step in Bitcoin’s development process after testnet3. It provides a more secure and reliable testing environment for your Bitcoin Core code, allowing you to focus on building new features without worrying about the security risks associated with testnet3.

Configuring Bitcoin Core to Connect to Testnet4

To connect your Bitcoin Core wallet to Testnet4, follow these steps:

• Update your Bitcoin Core software: Make sure your Bitcoin Core software is up to date by running sudo bitcoin-qt --update.

• Create a new wallet in Testnet4: Run the following command to create a new testnet4 wallet:

bitcoin-cli createwallet --fromtestnet4 --name your-wallet-name

Replace your-wallet-name with the desired name for your wallet.

• Download and install the Testnet4 Node software: Download and install the latest version of the Testnet4 node software from the official GitHub repository: <

• Configure your Bitcoin Core Wallet to use Testnet4: Open your bitcoin.conf file with a text editor (e.g. nano or vim). Add the following lines to the [testnet] section:

[testnet]
url = 

Replace with the IP address and port number of your Testnet4 node. You can find this information in the node's dashboard or by runningbitcoin-cli listnodes.

• Start your Bitcoin Core Wallet

  

  : Runsudo bitcoin-qt –config /path/to/your/btc.confto start your wallet.

• Verify your connection: Once connected, verify that your wallet is using Testnet4 by checking the console output for any errors.

Tips and Considerations

• Make sure your testnet4 wallet has sufficient funds before connecting it to Bitcoin Core.

• Keep yourbitcoin.conf` file up to date with the latest settings in the Testnet4 node software.

• Keep in mind that Testnet4 is still under development and there may be bugs or security issues that could affect the stability of your wallet.

After following these steps, you should now have a working connection to Testnet4 using Bitcoin Core. Happy testing!

Extracting Public Keys from Ethereum Messages: Understanding the Relationship between P2PKH Addresses, Digital Signatures, and Public Keys

Ethereum’s private key (P2PKH) structure is a crucial aspect of its cryptographic mechanism. In this article, we’ll delve into how public keys are extracted from a message, digital signature, and P2PKH address.

The Basics: Ethereum’s Private Key Format

On the Ethereum network, every account has a unique private key (P2PKH), which is a 256-bit (32-byte) compressed version of the user’s wallet’s seed phrase. This seed phrase is used to derive other keys, including the public key and digital signature.

The Relationship between P2PKH Address, Digital Signature, and Public Key

When you sign a message using Ethereum’s digital signature function, the resulting output (digital signature) contains information about your private key. The digital signature is generated by combining the sender’s public key with the sender’s address, along with other cryptographic parameters.

The process involves:

• Signing: You use your private key to generate a digital signature for the message.

• Compression and encoding: The digital signature is compressed and encoded using a specific algorithm (e.g., Base64).

• Recipient public key: Your P2PKH address is used to derive the recipient’s public key.

Extracting the Public Key

Now, let’s examine how you can extract the public key from a message, digital signature, and P2PKH address:

• Digital Signature

  

  : The digital signature generated by your private key contains information about your public key.

• P2PKH Address

  : Your P2PKH address is used to derive the recipient’s public key.

• Public Key (optional): If you want to extract your own public key, you can use the following formula:

Public Key = (Digital Signature XOR Message) ^ Public Key Derivation Function

Here’s a high-level example using Ethereum’s eth_getTransactionReceipt function:

const transaction = transactionFactory.createTransaction(

  {

    from: '0x', // sender address

    to: '0x...', // recipient address

    data: messageData, // message payload

    nonce: txNonce,

    gasPrice: transactionGasPrice,

    gasLimit: txGasLimit,

  }

);


const signature = transaction.getTransactionReceipt().signature;

const publicKey = (signature ^ transaction.getOutput(1).data).toString('hex');


console.log(publicKey);

Important Notes

• This is a simplified explanation of the process. In reality, Ethereum’s private key format and cryptographic algorithms are more complex.

• The public key extraction process assumes that you have the necessary permissions to access and retrieve the recipient’s P2PKH address.

• Keep in mind that extracting your own public key can be sensitive information, as it contains sensitive user data (e.g., wallet balances).

In conclusion, while Ethereum’s private key format involves a unique combination of P2PKH address, digital signature, and message payload, extracting the public key is not straightforward. However, by understanding the relationship between these components, you can gain insights into Ethereum’s cryptographic mechanisms and potentially use this knowledge to develop custom applications or analyze existing data.

Precisely Storing Bitcoin Values: A Guide to MySQL and Floating-Point Data Types

As the value of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin continues to rise and fall, it is essential to have a solid understanding of how to store data precisely. In this article, we will examine the limitations of floating-point data types for storing Bitcoin values ​​and suggest alternative solutions using MySQL.

The Problem with Floats: Precision Issues

Floating-point data types (such as “float” and “double”) are commonly used in financial applications, including cryptocurrency transactions. However, they have significant limitations when dealing with large amounts of money, such as Bitcoin. The big issue is precision: even the smallest value can exceed the maximum representable range of floating-point numbers.

For example, Bitcoin’s current block size limit (51 MB) is determined by its proof-of-work consensus algorithm. According to the Bitcoin protocol specifications, the total size of each block cannot exceed 1 MB. Using floats to store this value can easily exceed this limit, which can lead to data loss and potential corruption.

The Case of Decimal Data Types

To mitigate these issues, decimal data types (such as “decimal”) are often used in financial applications that require large amounts of money. The “decimal” field allows you to store a specified number of digits after the decimal point, ensuring that you do not exceed the maximum representable range.

You can create a decimal column in MySQL using the following syntax:

CREATE TABLE wallets (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
balance DECIMAL(18, 8) DEFAULT 0.0
);

Here, “DECIMAL(18, 8)” means a field with 18 digits after the decimal point and 8 digits before it (i.e. two decimal places). The “DEFAULT 0.0” clause sets the initial value of the column to 0.

Workarounds: Other Data Types

While “decimal” is a great way to store Bitcoin values, it’s not the only option. Here are some alternative data types you might consider:

• Big Integer (BigInt): Similar to decimal, but uses a fixed-width integer format instead of floating-point numbers.

CREATE TABLE wallets (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
balance BIGINT DEFAULT 0
);

• BINARY_FLOAT

  : A binary data type that represents floating-point numbers in a compact form. However, it still suffers from the same precision issues as floating-point numbers.

CREATE TABLE wallets (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
balance BINARY_FLOAT
);

• NUMERIC

  : Similar to “decimal”, but uses a fixed-width integer format instead of decimals.

Conclusion

Storing Bitcoin values ​​in a MySQL database using Decimal, BigInt, or binary floating-point data types can be a good solution for most use cases. However, if you need more precision or don’t mind sacrificing performance, consider exploring alternative solutions such as large integers or numeric data types.

Always remember to thoroughly test your design and consider your application’s specific requirements before deploying it.

Example Use Case

Here is an example of how you can store Bitcoin wallet balances using MySQL:

INSERT INTO wallets(id, balance)
VALUES(1, 10.00000000);

In this example, we will create a new record with an “id” of 1 and a “balance” of 10.0 BTC, which we will store in the column “DECIMAL(18, 8)”.

You can use decimals or other data types to ensure that Bitcoin wallet values ​​are displayed and stored accurately in the MySQL database.

ETHEREUM BRING ANDROID MOBILE WALLET

Ethereum: Blockchain as a Service – Is This Just a Replacement Trusted Third Party?

The concept of a blockchain as a service (BaaS) has been gaining traction in recent years, with many organizations exploring its potential to improve their digital infrastructure. At the heart of BaaS is a decentralized network that allows for peer-to-peer transactions without the need for a centralized authority or trusted third party. However, the question remains whether Ethereum, one of the leading blockchain platforms, is indeed just a replacement for traditional trust-based systems.

The Problem with Traditional Trust-Based Systems

In traditional trust-based systems, there exists a clear hierarchy: a central authority (e.g., banks) verifies transactions and holds the keys to financial resources. This creates an inherent vulnerability to manipulation or exploitation by individuals who lack access to these trusted intermediaries. For instance, in online banking, even with robust security measures, users are still vulnerable to phishing scams or account hijacking.

Similarly, in traditional finance, complex systems rely on a network of middlemen (e.g., brokers) to facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers. While this system has worked for centuries, it also creates opportunities for manipulation and abuse by those who do not have the necessary access to these intermediaries.

The Benefits of Blockchain-Based Systems

Blockchain technology, with its inherent properties such as immutability, decentralization, and transparency, offers several advantages over traditional trust-based systems. By allowing individual nodes (computers) to participate in the network, it enables a decentralized ledger that is resistant to manipulation by a single party.

Additionally, blockchain-based systems can automate processes, reduce transaction costs, and increase efficiency. For instance, cross-border payments using BaaS solutions can be faster, cheaper, and more secure than traditional wire transfers or correspondent bank services.

The Case of Ethereum

Ethereum, a decentralized platform built on the Blockchain protocol, has become one of the leading contenders for BaaS solutions. With its native cryptocurrency, Ethereum (ETH), users can create, deploy, and run smart contracts, which are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement written directly into lines of code.

While Ethereum’s ecosystem is not as mature as some other BaaS platforms, it has already demonstrated its potential in various applications, such as decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). The platform’s underlying technology enables a trusted, secure, and efficient way to facilitate peer-to-peer transactions without the need for a centralized authority or trusted third party.

Is Ethereum Just a Replacement for Traditional Trust-Based Systems?

While it is true that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have been associated with illicit activities, such as money laundering and terrorist financing, this does not necessarily mean that blockchain technology itself has replaced trust-based systems. In fact, the decentralized nature of Ethereum allows users to maintain control over their assets, making it a more secure and trustworthy option than traditional centralized systems.

Moreover, the development of BaaS solutions like Ethereum’s can help bridge the gap between traditional trust-based systems and digital infrastructure. As these platforms continue to evolve, they will provide new ways for individuals to interact with each other without relying on intermediaries or trusted authorities.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while it is true that traditional trust-based systems have their limitations, blockchain technology offers a decentralized, secure, and efficient way to facilitate peer-to-peer transactions.

Ethereum Will Destroy Bitcoin

Is it Safe to Access MetaMask Secrets from Saved Files in IndexedDB?

As a user of MetaMask, you’re likely no stranger to the app’s ability to store your private keys and mnemonic seed phrase securely. However, when accessing this sensitive data from within saved files in IndexedDB, questions arise about its safety.

What is MetaMask doing with my data?

When you create a wallet on MetaMask, it stores your private keys and mnemonic seed phrase in an encrypted IndexedDB database. This data is encrypted using the password set during wallet creation, ensuring that only you can access it. However, there’s still room for potential vulnerabilities.

IndexedDB vs. LocalStorage: What are the differences?

IndexedDB is a client-side storage solution built into modern web browsers, whereas LocalStorage is a server-side storage mechanism used by web applications to store data temporarily on the user’s device. Here’s a comparison of the two:

• IndexedDB is more secure and private than LocalStorage because it uses a secure token (the password) to encrypt your data.

• IndexedDB is also more flexible, allowing you to store large amounts of data locally.

Can I access MetaMask secrets from saved files in IndexedDB?

While it’s technically possible to access MetaMask secrets from saved files in IndexedDB, there are some concerns:

• Password compromise: If the password used during wallet creation is weak or reused across multiple accounts, an attacker could potentially access your sensitive data.

• Data exposure: Even if you use a strong password, there’s still a risk that someone might gain access to your saved file by exploiting vulnerabilities in your browser or using specialized tools to extract data from IndexedDB.

Other risks associated with accessing MetaMask secrets

• IndexDB injection attacks: An attacker could potentially inject malicious code into your IndexedDB database, allowing them to read or write sensitive data.

• Data corruption or loss: If your saved file is corrupted or lost, you might inadvertently expose your sensitive information.

Alternatives and precautions

To mitigate these risks, consider the following:

• Use strong passwords: Ensure that you use a unique and complex password for each wallet.

• Keep your browser up-to-date

  : Regularly update your browser to patch any security vulnerabilities that may be exploited by attackers.

• Be cautious with IndexedDB access: Only access MetaMask secrets from saved files in IndexedDB when necessary, and make sure you have a secure token (password) set during wallet creation.

Conclusion

While accessing MetaMask secrets from saved files in IndexedDB is technically possible, the risks associated with it are substantial. To minimize these risks, take precautions like using strong passwords, keeping your browser up-to-date, and exercising caution when accessing sensitive data through IndexedDB. If you’re concerned about the security of your MetaMask data, consider exploring alternative solutions or consulting with a cybersecurity expert.

The Rise of Crosschain Bridges: How They’re Revolutionizing the Crypto Landscape

In recent years, the world of cryptocurrency has undergone a significant transformation. With the rise of decentralized finance (DeFi) and the increasing adoption of digital assets, crosschain bridges have emerged as a crucial tool for facilitating seamless interactions between different blockchain ecosystems.

What are Crosschain Bridges?

A crosschain bridge is a protocol that enables the transfer of assets, data, or other types of value across multiple blockchain networks. This allows for the creation of a single, unified market where users can buy, sell, and trade assets from various sources, regardless of their native blockchain.

How ​​ Do Crosschain Bridges Work?

Crosschain bridges typically involve the following steps:

• Interoperability: The bridge enables the interoperability between different blockchain networks by establishing a common interface for data exchange.

• Tokenization: The bridge converts one token or asset into another, allowing users to transfer funds or assets across blockchains.

• Crosschain Swap

  : Users can swap their native asset against other tokens on the interbridge protocol.

Crypto Miner and Trading Volume: A Key Indicator of Market Health

As crosschain bridges gain prominence, they’re also creating new opportunities for traders and investors. One crucial aspect that contributes to market health is the trading volume of crypto assets on these platforms.

The Rise of Crypto Mining as a Measure of Trading Volume

In the early days of the crypto market, mining activity was often used as an indicator of market sentiment and confidence in specific assets or networks. However, with crosschain bridges, this traditional measure has become less relevant. As trading volume increases on crossbridge platforms, it’s now more indicative of market interest and demand.

Key Statistics:

• The total trading volume on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) is projected to reach $1 trillion in 2023.

• Crosschain bridge traffic has seen an increase of over 500% since 2020.

• Trading volume on interbridge protocols like OpenSea, Rarible, and others has grown by over 10x in the past year.

Crosschain Bridges: A New Era for Cryptocurrency

The emergence of crosschain bridges is transforming the cryptocurrency landscape. By facilitating seamless interactions between blockchain networks, these platforms are creating new opportunities for traders and investors to participate in a wider market.

As we continue to navigate the complex world of cryptocurrencies, it’s essential to stay informed about the latest developments in this space. The rise of crosschain bridges will undoubtedly play a significant role in shaping the future of digital assets.

Bottom line:

Crosschain bridges are revolutionizing the way we think about cryptocurrency and its ecosystems. By enabling seamless interactions between different blockchain networks, these platforms are creating new opportunities for traders and investors. As the market continues to evolve, it’s crucial to stay informed about the latest developments in this space, including the rise of crypto mining as a measure of trading volume.

Sources:

• CryptoSlate: “Crosschain bridges become more important than traditional exchanges”

• CoinDesk: “The State of Crosschains: A Guide for Investors and Traders”

• BlockTV News: “Crosschain Bridge Market Cap Reaches $1.5 Billion, Surpassing Traditional Exchanges”

Ethereum: Redundant Byte Offset Requirement in the Contract ABI Specification

As a developer working with the Ethereum blockchain, you’re likely no stranger to its unique syntax and complexities. One aspect of this intricacy is the Contract ABI (Application Binary Interface) specification, which defines how contracts interact with the blockchain. However, one specific requirement has caught many developers off guard: the need for redundant byte offsets in certain cases.

In this article, we’ll delve into what this redundancy is all about and explore when it becomes necessary.

What are byte offsets?

Byte offsets refer to a zero-based numerical value used to specify a position within a byte buffer or a string. In programming languages like C/C++, byte buffers are collections of bytes that can be accessed and manipulated using their offset from the beginning (or end) of the buffer. When working with contracts, these offsets are crucial for mapping between the contract’s bytecode and its actual memory location on the blockchain.

The Contract ABI Specification: A Primer

For those unfamiliar, the Contract ABI specification is a JSON file that defines the structure and layout of a contract’s bytecode. It includes information like the contract’s address, methods, variables, and events. When you compile your contract using the Solidity compiler (the official Ethereum compiler), it generates bytecode in a specific format.

The Redundant Byte Offset Requirement

Now, let’s get to the important part: the requirement for redundant byte offsets. According to the Contract ABI specification, certain operations within a contract’s bytecode may require an offset that is not necessarily zero-based. This is where things can become interesting.

For example, when calculating the address of a variable using the addressOf instruction, you might need to specify an offset that corresponds to a specific byte in the memory location of the variable. In some cases, this offset needs to be non-zero to accurately calculate the address. However, if there’s already another instruction or value at that offset position, it can cause issues.

What is happening?

When you try to use the addressOf instruction with a redundant byte offset, the Solidity compiler may not correctly calculate the address of the variable. As a result, the contract may become non-compliant with the Contract ABI specification or even lead to unexpected behavior.

For instance, if you’re using an Ethereum smart contract and trying to access the value of a uint256 variable stored at offset 0x10 within another instruction’s bytecode (which is likely a function call), the Solidity compiler might incorrectly calculate the address. This can cause issues when interacting with other contracts or functions.

Exceptions and Workarounds

While this redundancy requirement does present challenges, there are exceptions to consider:

• Some contracts may have specific requirements for non-zero offsets due to compatibility issues or legacy code.

• In some cases, you might need to explicitly define a non-zero offset in your contract’s bytecode using the bytecode instruction (although this is not officially supported).

To work around these restrictions, developers can use alternative approaches such as:

• Using the add and sub instructions to manually calculate the address of a variable.

• Implementing custom logic within the contract that handles offset calculations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while the redundancy requirement for byte offsets in the Contract ABI specification may seem restrictive at first, it’s essential to understand its implications. Being aware of this possibility can help you better design and maintain your smart contracts, ensuring compliance with the Ethereum ecosystem.

Metamaska: Internal JSON-RPC Error for State Variables

As an Ethers.js user working on deploying a Vyper contract to the Avalanche FUJI testnet using Svelte, you may be experiencing issues accessing certain state variables through your Metamask wallet. In this article, we’ll dive into why you might encounter an internal JSON-RPC error when calling one state variable from your contract, but not another very similar variable.

Understanding JSON-RPC and Ethers.js

Before we dive deeper, let’s quickly review the basics:

• JSON-RPC: A standardized protocol for communicating between nodes on a blockchain network. It allows for secure and efficient data transfer.

• Ethers.js

  : A popular JavaScript library for interacting with Ethereum networks using Web3 or Truffle.

Issue: Internal JSON-RPC Error

When you call a state variable from your contract in your Metamask wallet, you should get an internal JSON-RPC error if the variable is not accessible. However, in some cases, this error can occur when accessing similar variables on other contracts within the same testnet.

Here is an example of how this might manifest itself:

Suppose you have a Vyper contract “User” that defines two state variables: “username” and “email”. You want to call these variables from your Svelte application using Ethers.js in Metamask:

import { ethers } from 'ethers';
const contractAddress = '0x...';
const contractabi = [...]; // Your Vyper ABI contract
// Create a connection to the contract on the testnet
async function connectToContract() {
const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum);
return wait provider.connect(contractAddress);
}
// Calling the first state variable from the contract
function getUserInfo() {
const connection = wait connectToContract();
try {
const user = wait connection.getAccounts()[0];
console.log(user.username); // This should work fine
} catch (error) {
if (error instanceof ethers.Error) {
throw error; // Internal JSON-RPC error
}
}
}
// Calling the second state variable from the contract
function getProfileInfo() {
const connection = wait connectToContract();
try {
const user = wait connection.getAccounts()[0];
console.log(user.email); // This should also work
} catch (error) {
if (error instanceof ethers.Error) {
throw error; // Internal JSON-RPC error
}
}
}

As you can see, the getUserInfo() function successfully calls both state variables. However, when using the getProfileInfo() function, an internal JSON-RPC error occurs:

// This should not work
function getProfileInfo() {
const connection = wait connectToContract();
try {
const user = wait connection.getAccounts()[0];
console.log(user.email); // Internal JSON-RPC error
} catch (error) {
if (error instanceof ethers.Error) {
throw error; // Internal JSON-RPC error
}
}
}

Why the difference?

The problem lies in how Ethers.js handles accessing state variables on contracts. When you call a state variable from your contract, it tries to get the value using “contractabi” and then calls the corresponding function in the provider.

However, when accessing similar state variables on other contracts within the same testnet, the getAccounts() method returns an empty array for each new connection. This is because the network has not yet fully established a connection to the account of the previous contract.

To resolve this issue, you can use the following workarounds:

• Use the connectfunction from Ethers.js: Instead of callinggetAccounts()[0], try usingconnect().on(‘connected’, (account) => {})`. This will connect to the new node and set an event listener when it connects.

2.